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pneumostome |
The respiratory opening of an air-breathing land slug or snail. |
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Filaments |
Filaments refer to the very thin structure protruding from the body of an insect. |
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Abdomen |
The abdomen is this rearmost part of the three main body divisions of an insect, situated behind the head and the thorax |
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Airfoil |
The airfoil around a bird's wing enables it to create lift due to the difference in airflow over the upper and lower surfaces. |
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Arch |
Arch is often used to describe a bridge of bone in the skull, such as 'zygomatic arch' |
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Brood Cells |
The brood cells are the individual chambers in a hive where the egg is laid and the larva develop. |
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Aigrette |
Aigrettes are the long and loose breeding feathers of birds such as herons and egrets that are typically used for courtship displays. |
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Scutellum |
The scutellum is a triangular plate found on insects, is fairly obvious in appearance though does vary in size. It is located on the front of the thorax and behind the head. In winged invertebrates,... |
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Brood |
A brood refers to a collection of individual insects that hatch from a singe mother at approximately the same time. |
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Culmen |
The culmen is the upper ridge on a bird's bill. |
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Phenology |
Is the study of periodic biology, including the lifecycle of plants and insects in relation to local climates and temperatures. In insects, there may be a different period in which insects start and... |
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Caterpillar |
The larval stage of a butterfly or moth. |
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Villose |
Bearing long, hair-like appendages |
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Jelly fungus |
A member of the Tremellales |
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lamellula |
a small gill not reaching from the edge of the pileus to the stipe |
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Adnexed |
(Of a gill profile) attached to stem by a narrower amount than the full depth of the gill. |
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Adpressed |
Closely flattened against/onto a surface |
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Agaric(ales) |
Generic term for gill-bearing fungi |
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Allantoid |
(of spores) curved as in sausage shape |
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Amorphous |
Lacking clear structure |
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Amyloid |
Turning blue/blue-black in iodine solution such as melzer's reagent |
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Anastomosing |
Fused together in a vein-like network; used to describe mushroom gills that are interconnected with veins
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Annulus |
Ring around stem, remnant of partial veil covering young emergent sporophore* |
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Appendiculate |
Fringed with remains of the veil |
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Apical |
Towards the apex |
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Apiculus |
(of spores) a short projection at the base |
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Ascomycetes |
Major group containing all fungi producing spores in asci which are liberated by pressure |
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Ascospore |
Reproductive cell (spore) of the acsomycete fungi |
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Ascus(pl. Asci) |
Microscopic elongated flask-shaped cell in which ascospores are produced |
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Basal |
The area at the base of the stem |
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Basidia |
Club-shaped cells on which spores are produced in basidiomycetes |
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Basidiomycetes |
Major group of fungi characterised by development of basidia on which sexual basidiaspores are produced. Includes gill bearing fungi, boletes, polypores, clavarias, jelly fungi, & gasteromycetes |
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Basidiospore |
Reproductive cell (spore) of the basidiomycete fungi |
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Basidium |
Microscopic structure on which basidiospores develop |
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Binding hyphae |
Much branched thick-walled hyphae without dividing cell walls, which bind other hyphae together |
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Bulb (bulbous) |
Abruptly swollen basal region of stem |
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Caespitose |
(of fruiting bodies) joined or crowded together in tufts, partly fused at the stem bases |
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Campanulate |
Bell-shaped |
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Capillitium |
Mass of sterile thread-like fibres among the spores of gasteromycetes, which may aid spore dispersal |
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Capitate |
(of cystidia) having a round knob-like head |
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Cartilaginous |
Firm & tough, but flexible (as opposed to granular) |
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Cheilocystidia |
Cystidia on the gill edge |
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Chlamydospore |
Thick walled, non-deciduous, asexual spore |
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Ciliate |
Fringed with hairs |
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Clamp connection |
A hyphal outgrowth that connects two adjoining cells, resulting from a cell division bypassing the dividing cell wall |
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Clavate |
Club-shaped |
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Collar |
Ring like stem structure around the apex of stem, at the attachment of the gills |
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Concave |
Downwardly curved, (opposite to convex) |
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Concolorous |
Having the same colour |
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Convex |
Domed, upwardly curved, (opposite to concave) |
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Coralloid |
Much-branched, coral like |
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Cortina |
Web-like covering between the stem and cap edge, enclosing the gills |
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Cortinate |
Having a cortina |
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Cortinal zone |
Faint remnant of cortina on stem |
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Costate |
(of the surface) having a rough rib-like texture |
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Crescentric |
Crescent like |
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Cuticle |
The surface tissue / surface layers of hyphae in cap or stem |
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Cystidiole |
A sterile cell protruding beyond the spore-bearing surface |
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Cystidium (pl. Cystidia) |
Sterile cell of variable shape, between the basidia in the spore-bearing surface, or other parts of the fruit body |
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Decurrent |
(of gill profile) extensive gill attachment running down the stem |
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Decurrent tooth |
Only the narrow end portion of gill runs down the stem |
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Deliquescent |
Tissue gradually dissolving |
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Dendroid |
Tree-like |
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Dendrophyses |
Irregularly branched cystidia |
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Dentate |
Having tooth-like projections |
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Denticulate |
Possessing small teeth |
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Depressed |
(of cap profile) when the surface is slightly concave |
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Dermatocystidia |
Cystidia on the cap surface |
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Dextrinoid |
Turning reddish-brown in iodine solution such as melzer's reagent |
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Dichotomously |
Branching repeatedly in two |
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Dimitic |
Having two kinds of hyphae |
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Droplets |
(of spores) fluid-filled microscopic cavities |
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Eccentric |
(of stem) off-centre with relation to cap |
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Effused |
Spread over the substrate |
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Ellipsoid |
(of spores) ellipse-shaped, or like flattened circle with conical projections in one plane |
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Emarginate |
(of gill profile) notched just before joining stem (see also sinuate) |
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Endoperidium |
Innermost covering of wall of fruiting body e.g.in gasteromycete fungi |
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Ephemeral |
Transient, short-lived |
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Equal |
(of stem) being same thickness over full length |
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Family |
A unit of classification, grouping together related units called genera |
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Farinaceous |
Smelling of flour or like bread |
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Farinose |
Covered with fine mealy particles |
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Fibril |
A small thread-like fibre |
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Fibrillose |
Surface covered with fine thread-like fibres |
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Filiform |
Thread-like |
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Fimbriate |
Fringed |
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Flexuous |
Undulating |
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Floccose |
Covered with cottony tufts |
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Free |
(of gill profile) the gill is not connected to the stem |
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Fruit body |
General term for any spore-producing fungal structure, more correctly called a sporophore |
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Fugaceous |
Fleeting, short-lived |
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Fusiform |
Narrow at both ends, spindle-shaped |
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Fusoid |
Somewhat fusiform |
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Gasteromycetes |
Large group within the basidiomycetes, characterised by the basidiospores maturing within the hollow fruit body e.g. Puffballs, earth stars, stinkhorns, & bird's-nest fungi |
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Generative hyphae |
Thin-walled, branched hyphae with dividing cell walls giving rise to other types (e.g. Binding) of hyphae |
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Genus |
A unit of classification, grouping together closely related species, whose relationship is recognised by the same first name in the scientific terminology |
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Germ-pore |
A differentiated / hole in the spore wall, from where the germination tube may extend |
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Gill (lamella) |
The fertile surface, one of a series of radiating plates sub-tending the cap |
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Glabrous |
Smooth, hairless |
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Glandular dots |
Moist, sticky spots on the surface of stem |
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Gleba |
Fleshy mycelial tissue containing the spore-bearing cavities, present in the gasteromycetes |
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Gloeocystidia |
Thin-walled cystidia with refractive, frequently granular contents |
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Granulate |
Covered with tiny particles |
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Guttation-drops |
Drops secreted by the fruiting bodies of certain species |
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Heterobasidiomycetes |
Group of non-gilled basidiomycete fungi in which the basidia have longitudinal or transverse septa, or are shaped like tuning forks (including the jelly fungi) |
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Homobasidiomycetes |
Major group of basidiomycete fungi in which the basidia are neither forked nor septate |
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Humus |
Rotted down soil-like remains of leaves & other organic debris |
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Hyaline |
Colourless, transparent, translucent |
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Hygrophanous |
Becoming darker in colour and appearing water soaked when wet, becoming paler in colour after losing water content |
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Hymeniform |
Resembling a hymenium, but without functional basidia |
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Hymenium |
Fertile layer containing the spore bearing surface |
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Hypha (pl.hyphae) (adj. Hyphal) |
A single filament, the basic unit forming the fungi |
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Hypogeous |
Fruiting underground (truffle-like) or semi-hypogeous (fruiting partially underground) |
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Immarginate |
Without a distinct edge |
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Inferior |
(of ring) positioned below mid-height on the stem |
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Infundibuliform |
Funnel-shaped (sometimes prefixed by sub*- to mean almost or not quite funnel shaped) |
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Innate |
Bedded in, inseparable |
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Intercalary |
Between two cells |
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Iodoform |
Smelling of iodine (alternative - a crystalline conpound of iodine, used as an antiseptic) |
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Lacerate |
(of pores) as though torn away, revealing the tubes like organ pipes |
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Lageniform |
(of cystidia) with a neck like extension, shaped like a narrow-necked flask |
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Lamellate |
Possessing gills or lamellae |
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Lanceolate |
(of cystidia) elongate & tapering towards both ends, lance-shaped |
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Lateral |
(of stem) attached at the side of the cap |
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Latex |
Milky, usually white fluid, exuded by gills of lactarius species when broken or cut |
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Ligulate |
Strap-shaped |
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Litter |
The carpet of fallen leaves or needles and other rotting organic matter in broadleaf or coniferous woodland |
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Local |
Confined to a small geographic area |
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Locally common |
Fungi which might be uncommon or rare in the context of the overall geographic region, but which are common in certain small geographic areas |
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Mammiform |
Shaped like a breast with nipple |
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Marginate |
(Of a swollen stem base) having a well defined upper edge |
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Mealy |
Smelling or tasting of flour or dough |
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Median |
Birds - On the middle of the wing. Fungi - (of ring) positioned at mid-height on the stem |
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Merulioid |
With pits, or shallow tubes |
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Milk |
Milky, usually white fluid, exuded by gills of lactarius species when broken or cut |
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Monomitic |
Having only one type of hyphae |
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Mucronate |
With a short, sharp point |
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Mycelium (pl. Mycelia) |
Vegetative stage of fungus, comprising thread-like / felt-like mass, from which the fruiting body subsequently arises |
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Mycorrhizal |
Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant in which the fungus penetrates the plant and exchanges nutrients with it. Often to the mutual benefit of both fungus and plant |
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Neurotoxin |
Very dangerous poison affecting the human central nervous system |
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Nodulose |
(of spores) decorated with small knobbly projections |
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Ostiole |
The microscopic opening of a perithecium |
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Ovoid |
Egg-shaped |
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Palmate |
Like fingers on a hand, having lobes radiating from a central point |
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Papillate |
Having a small, nipple-like protuberance |
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Paraphyses |
Sterile hyphal filaments interspersed between the asci |
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Parasite |
An organism that sustains itself upon another living organism, whilst providing nothing in return |
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Partial veil |
Joins the edge of the cap to the stem, enclosing the developing spore-bearing surface (e.g. Agarics, and certain boletes), and in some other genera, later forming the ring or cortina |
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Pedicel |
A small stalk |
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Peridioles |
Pea-shaped structures containing spores |
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Peridium |
Layer of tissue covering a fruiting body |
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Perithicia |
Flask-shaped spore producing chambers (found in certain ascomycetes) and embedded within a mass of infertile tissue (stroma) |
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Pleurocystidia |
Cystidia on gill sides |
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Polypore |
Common name for woody or tough fruit bodied fungi, having pored, tubular spore producing layers |
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Pore |
(of polypores & boletes) the mouth of a spore-bearing tube |
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Pruina |
Fine powdery coating on stem or cap |
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Pruinose |
Covered with fine powder (in comparison, finer in texture than farinose) |
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Pulvinate |
Cushion-like |
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Punctate |
Decorated with fine dots, minutely dotted or pitted |
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Pyriform |
Pear-shaped |
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Recurved |
Bent back |
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Reflexed |
Turning sharply back or upwards |
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Reniform |
Kidney-shaped |
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Repent |
Creeping or prostrate |
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Resupinate |
Lying flat against the substrate, upside-down, with pore-bearing laye outwards |
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Reticulate |
A net like pattern of ornamentation |
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Reticulum |
A network of raised ridges found on the surface of the stem or spores of certain mushrooms |
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Rhizoid |
Root like structure |
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Rhizomorph |
Cord-like structure comprising of a mass of hyphea |
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Ring |
Remains of partial veil |
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Ring zone |
Faint mark where ring has been |
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Saccate |
Bag like |
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Scales |
Pieces of surface tissue which break away or peel back (often on stem or cap) |
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Sclerotium (pl. Sclerotia) |
Firm, rounded mass of hyphae, giving rise to a fruit body, the resting or overwintering structure typically buried within the substrate |
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Scurfy |
Surface covered with tiny flakes or scales |
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Sensu |
In the sense of |
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Septate |
Divided by cell walls, possessing septa |
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Septum (pl. Septa) |
A cross wall, dividing hyphae, cystidia, basidia, spores, etc. |
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Serrate |
Possessing a sharply defined saw-like edge |
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Sessile |
Without a stem |
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Seta (pl. Setae) |
A stiff hair or bristle |
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Sinuate |
(of gills) notched just before joining the stem (see also emarginate) |
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Spathulate |
Flattened oblong with narrow base |
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Species |
A narrowly defined type of organism, differentiating members of a genus |
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Sphaerocyst |
A globbose cell |
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Sphaeropedunculate |
A cystidium swollen spherically at the tip, and tapering to an elongated stalk |
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Spines |
Tooth, peg, or spine-like structures over which the spore producing layer is spread |
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Spinulose |
Finely spiny |
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Spore |
General term for the reproductive unit of a fungus, consisting of a single cell which germinates to produce a hypha, from which a new mycelium arises |
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Spore-print |
A deposit of spores from a cap which has been placed on a sheet of glass or paper |
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Sporulating |
Producing spores |
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Squamous / squamulose |
Possessing small scales |
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Squamule |
A small scale |
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Stellate |
Star-shaped |
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Stipe |
The stem of a mushroom |
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Striate |
Having parallel or radiating fine lines, or fine ridges |
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Stroma |
Sterile mass of hyphal tissue |
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Stuffed |
(of stem) central core of fibres of looser consistency than the outer tissues |
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Sub- |
Almost, not quite (used as a prefix) |
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Subspherical |
Less than a perfect sphere, sub-globose |
