Go Back   Wild About Britain > British Wildlife > Mammal Forums

» February 2012

S M T W T F S
293031 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 123

» Stats

Members: 48,655
Threads: 78,892
Posts: 821,436
Top Poster: glsammy (14,779)
Welcome to our newest member, redfrag
Reply

 

LinkBack Thread Tools Display Modes
  #21 (permalink)  
Old 09-11-2009, 02:18 PM
valleyforge's Avatar
Officer of the Wild Empire
 
Join Date: Jun 2009
Location: Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Posts: 753
Re: BABY FOX in the Gdn- Pros&Cons.PLEASE

Quote:
Originally Posted by Sue B View Post
I reared him on milky cocoa -
No doubt this will be seen as another personal attack by some, but if you post information such as this on an open forum (where it may be discovered and referred to by anyone searching for insights on how to rear a fox cub), I feel it really needs to be accompanied by a balancing statement ... in fact, it's my duty to do so.

This information therefore is not a criticism of Sue B, or of anyone in a similar situation, who is/was truly trying to do their best for an 'orphaned' animal, but I'm afraid that it is really all too easy to do accidental and unforeseen harm, whilst acting out of kindness.

First of all, let's look at milk .... most folk will rightly assume that an infant mammal needs milk, but the most readily available milk (cow's milk) is NOT a suitable replacement for the vast majority of baby mammals ... the level of lactose is way too high to be digested properly, so may lead to diarrhea, enteritis, dehydration and in the worst case scenario, death.

There are a number of commercially available puppy milk replacers (sold in powdered form and available at vet's surgeries and pet shops), which are much better suited to a fox cub's needs, although goat's milk (now increasingly available at supermarkets) is also suitable with the addition of multivitamin drops.

However, the main issue here is in the giving of cocoa (the principle ingredient of chocolate also of course) ... this contains the alkaloid thiobromine, which causes serious poisoning in many mammals, including dogs and foxes (which are closely related members of the dog family).

Dogs/foxes are unable to metabolize the chemical properly (in the way that we can), so that it effectively continues to circulate within their systems, repeatedly poisoning them.

See Theobromine poisoning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following short article illustrates that thiobromine is an effective poison for foxes also: Theobromine intoxication in a red fox and a Europe... [J Wildl Dis. 2001] - PubMed result

If as Sue B states, the fox survived with her for 3 years, then possibly he didn't ingest sufficient to cause lasting harm to his liver, and I too sincerely hope that he made a success of living in the wild.
__________________
Valley Forge Native Wildlife Refuge
first, do no harm ...
Digg this Post!Add Post to del.icio.usBookmark Post in TechnoratiFurl this Post!
Reply With Quote
  #22 (permalink)  
Old 10-11-2009, 12:04 AM
Words's Avatar
Commander of the Wild Empire
 
Join Date: Oct 2005
Location: East Sussex
Posts: 1,495
Re: BABY FOX in the Gdn- Pros&Cons.PLEASE

Thanks for posting the link to the research on theobromine. Reading the research paper, while it does advise caution it also indicates that the results are speculative and that they have no data on the amounts ingested, although the proximity of apparently industrial quantities of chocolate waste suggest the volume must have been high and extended over a long period (the obesity).

But yes, chocolate isn't a good idea and the data contra indicating for dogs is strong.
__________________
Words
Fox Blog
Digg this Post!Add Post to del.icio.usBookmark Post in TechnoratiFurl this Post!
Reply With Quote
  #23 (permalink)  
Old 10-11-2009, 08:00 PM
New Member
 
Join Date: Oct 2009
Posts: 15
Re: BABY FOX in the Gdn- Pros&Cons.PLEASE

Yes- I did actually have a fox for THREE YEAR'S and he was very healthy.
Forgot to add that he never bothered the neighbour's chicken's when
he got out his run- I had a big silly Afghan dog who did that-
she actually killed one. !
Perhap's it was the cocoa that put him off chicken's !!!!!****
Digg this Post!Add Post to del.icio.usBookmark Post in TechnoratiFurl this Post!
Reply With Quote
  #24 (permalink)  
Old 27-02-2010, 11:12 AM
New Member
 
Join Date: Sep 2009
Posts: 12
Re: BABY FOX in the Gdn- Pros&Cons.PLEASE

No Picidae, could not disagree with you more… I have been in touch with ‘wild animals’ for long time and the unusual experience prompt me to seek for the advice of EXPERTS I though knew a little bit more than they obviously know… to overreact as you did, sending a msg so charged with judgements and condemnation is NOT PROFESSIONAL AT ALL. I left my mail expressing my opinion, which I still hold, because people like you should learn to tame their manners and have people skills. Many are used to vent opinions in a violent outburst ‘in the name of animal welfare’ expecting that a late apology will suffice. NO the damage was done!
And after you sent another ridiculous mail referring to my love for animals as “fluffy” and saying that ‘I got gratification by snapping my fingers’... who do you think you are? Did you read my msgs properly? Please learn from real animal lovers like CESAR MILAN or so many others in the national TV, who gives various techniques, like ‘snapping fingers’, ‘making a sound’ etc because animals understand body language and PERCEIVE ENERGY BETTER THAT HUMANS! I refer you to true experts from whom I will rather continue learning myself.

Let’s agree to disagree…but the least I expect in any site, is respect and professionalism….your mails show you lack both, and it is you who cannot tolerate others do not accept your insults passively. LEARN TO GIVE A BALANCE AND MATURE OPINIONS THAT MATCHES YOUR POSITION OF OFFICER OF THE WILD EMPIRE… who uses ‘emotional tires’ and then blame those who have different opinion. Do not use guilt to turn things around…learn to accept responsibility for your erratic actions and reactions…and as you say KNOW WHEN TO LET GO!

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Kate, Many thanks for your mail and encouragement. Wish you also better experiences on the site. It is important that we give feed back to improve the service and rise the standards.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
SueB, loved your story and appreciate your comments... your case is the evidence that encourages true animal lovers to do their best and communicate through the heart with those who visit our gardens... it really made me laugh that the experts are so picky on nutrition, they seem to ignore he FACT that foxes end up starving or surviving by eating WHATEVER they find in the road, in bins, good, and rotten food etc . Most of them will spend their life span in the hostility of the streets and never get to interact in a LOVING way with humans.
That is what makes all the difference in your story, but they do not seem to notice the hospitality you provided, the love and affection, the friendship that was developed, the intimacy and the trust that made possible those 3years. Thanks for sharing, because4me (and I am sure many others) that is what lives in your memory and in those you share the story with...that is what rises consciousness and lifts our hearts.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Digg this Post!Add Post to del.icio.usBookmark Post in TechnoratiFurl this Post!
Reply With Quote
  #25 (permalink)  
Old 27-02-2010, 11:46 AM
Ukwildlifeo's Avatar
Knight Commander of the Wild Empire
 
Join Date: Mar 2007
Location: Romford, Essex
Posts: 5,183
Re: BABY FOX in the Gdn- Pros&Cons.PLEASE

Did the fox cub ever come back?
__________________
UK wildlife blog
Digg this Post!Add Post to del.icio.usBookmark Post in TechnoratiFurl this Post!
Reply With Quote
  #26 (permalink)  
Old 27-02-2010, 06:20 PM
Active Member
 
Join Date: Feb 2010
Posts: 53
Re: BABY FOX in the Gdn- Pros&Cons.PLEASE

Quote:
Originally Posted by Hedgehoggy View Post
I’m astounded. It takes a lot to ruffle my feathers, but I just read your story in disbelief. If the cub was similar in size to Words’ first photo, then, as already stated to you, it would be a CONCERN. The cub is NOT independent at that age. Not only were you given advice on how to help the cub, you were also given details of your local Wildlife Centres, which would have come and collected the cub and rehabilitated it safely. Imo, the fact that you completely ignored all advice suggests you had no genuine concern for the cub’s welfare, and merely continued to entice the cub into your house for your own gratification, and then rejecting it after you’d had your evening’s entertainment. How confusingly cruel for the poor little mite.

I sincerely hope the cub had the good fortune to be found by a genuinely caring person who would have used their common sense and got it the help it so obviously was desperately seeking.
Altho i allways appreciate peoples concern for animals, this woman was only trying her best in the interest of the animal.

Now i also agree with what you've said and if i had this dilemma the options for me would be simple, I would either keep it as a legitimate pet, it would have its injections, a crate a bed proper food and it would be walked every single night for at least an hour...OOOOR it would be handed to a wildlife sanctuary in the hope it could return to the wild, the choice wouldn't be easy but I would do what I felt would be easiest for the fox...in this case I feel (and this is just my opinion not a fact) I feel I would have kept the animal as it seems it does have an identity problem and there would always be a chance of that animal running up to humans in the hope of food/warmth and love causing risk to both fox and human, the best option for ME would be to try to keep it or have it re-homed.
Digg this Post!Add Post to del.icio.usBookmark Post in TechnoratiFurl this Post!
Reply With Quote
  #27 (permalink)  
Old 10-04-2010, 11:50 AM
New Member
 
Join Date: Apr 2010
Posts: 3
Re: BABY FOX in the Gdn fone london wildcare trust

I found this site quite by chance. Last night 8pm sitting by my window, there was a massive bang -thought someone was breaking in! The blind was partially open and I could see the underside of what looked like a small dog (smallish fox). My kitten was still out (xexexexexexe wouldnt come in!) I opened the door to shoe the animal away....worried incase he would attack/fight my kitten. The fox disappeared before I even saw it. I retrieved my kitten, and coming back in, I noticed what looked like a tiny dark brown teddy-bear - oh soooo sweet! I sussed that the fox had either dropped the cub from the high fence, or she lost her balance and fell. I don't know how young this cub was....but his eyes were open...two tiny chocolate buttons. He couldnt even stand up he was that young - half the size of my kitten. I came straight in, pulled the blinds and turned the outside lights off....hoping mum would come back. Not wanting to disturb anything....I didnt check again until 1am. He was still there - wriggled about a foot along the patio. No sign of mum..so I googled in for what to do. I took out a soft blanket, scooped him up and put him on it and lay a small cardboard box on its side to keep the wind off. I know, I hear you cry 'dont touch him'..but he was going to smell of our blanket anyway. I came back in and found this site with info on The London Wildcare Trust (0208 6476230) posted by hedgehoggy. They told me the mum would have come by now...and from what I described (dragging back legs) they said it was probably abandoned due to injury. I explained I had touched it, they said that it didnt matter..that would NOT have stopped the mum taking him if he was okay. They told me to put this baby in the blanket, in the box and bring him in and keep him warm. The minute I did this...he curled up all peaceful and went to sleep. I had London Wildcare Trust (24hr) on the phone, and I offered to give the baby fox some kitten milk (made from goats milk - cows milk is REALLY BAD for animals) but she said it would give him diarrhoea, and asked me to mix 1 litre water, 1teaspoon salt, 1 tablespoon sugar to rehydrate him. All he did was sleep so never took it. Jan, at the wildcare trust got me to pick him up and do somebasic checks on him to assess him over the phone. Ted - the founder came the next morning for him. He checked him over, assessed he didn't appear to have broken anything...but that something was wrong with his hips by the way one leg was, and he would be xrayed. He obviously got injured in the fall - our fences are very high.
My reason for joining and writing all this is three fold. 1), I can only thank my lucky stars (and the baby fox's) that I found this website and got the posted link to the London Wildcare Trust....their advice is second to none.....2), They did say you are better to call them, NOT the RSPCA, who would come out, but would then take the animal and put it down humanely!..3) I was quite saddened by the aggression that has been shown in some of the posts in response to Spaa's postings. I can see that this person did what they thought was right, and obviously didnt make the best decision.....to phone the professionals is the right thing to do. But they make it quite plain they KNOW the animals place is in the wild. Yes gently rebuke them, and point out the errors.....but the onslaught of 2-3 of the replies was uncalled for and really upsetting. I am quite sure my turn will be next I make this post so that if someone has a similar situation...that they see to PLEASE PHONE THE WILDLIFE TRUST and TAKE their advice. Hopefully our little chocolate teddy bear will be ready for release during the month of August when he gets to around 5 months! xx
Digg this Post!Add Post to del.icio.usBookmark Post in TechnoratiFurl this Post!
Reply With Quote
  #28 (permalink)  
Old 10-04-2010, 01:41 PM
Cowgirl's Avatar
Commander of the Wild Empire
 
Join Date: Apr 2008
Location: North of York
Posts: 1,031
Re: BABY FOX in the Gdn- Pros&Cons.PLEASE

That was lovely 77cat. Good on you & welcome to WAB. It's always difficult trying to decide which course of action is the right thing. Professional help is always the first step, but I can understand Spaa's dilemma it's difficult when people have good intentions but there is a saying about good intentions paving the road to hell (or something like that). I agree some people on this site can let their kneejerk reaction get in the way of a reply. I am guilty of this way as well, hopefully it doesn't happen too often . I occaisionaly have to send out e-mails to customers & have to be really careful about what I say (I often have to edit/delete a lot of my responses )

I hope little foxy is ok & will live a long & happy life in the wild & this thread hasn't put you off WAB, it really is a great site & trolls get short shrift from the moderators.
__________________
The good thing about sitting on the fence is that you get a good view of both sides.
Digg this Post!Add Post to del.icio.usBookmark Post in TechnoratiFurl this Post!
Reply With Quote
  #29 (permalink)  
Old 10-04-2010, 02:27 PM
Commander of the Wild Empire
 
Join Date: Jul 2008
Location: Watford, Hertfordshire.
Posts: 4,568
Re: BABY FOX in the Gdn fone london wildcare trust

Quote:
Originally Posted by 77cat77 View Post
I found this site quite by chance. Last night 8pm sitting by my window, there was a massive bang -thought someone was breaking in!
<snip>
Hopefully our little chocolate teddy bear will be ready for release during the month of August when he gets to around 5 months! xx
You've made a very serious error of judgement - you should have broken your posting into more easily readable paragraphs!
;^)


More seriously, I think you did well. All wildlife is under pressure from human activity and it's nice to redress the balance even in a small way.

Jim
Digg this Post!Add Post to del.icio.usBookmark Post in TechnoratiFurl this Post!
Reply With Quote
  #30 (permalink)  
Old 11-04-2010, 10:18 AM
New Member
 
Join Date: Apr 2010
Posts: 3
Re: BABY FOX in the Gdn- Pros&Cons.PLEASE

Many thanks for your kind words Cowgirl...and I think it is a very fine line for doing right for doing wrong. I can only reiterate....google up for advice, and then find a phone number of an appropriate body. I was quite prepared to give this little 'teddy' kitten milk (goats milk), and the lady got advice, rang me back and said not to (gives them diarrhoea).

Jim....ha ha ha..you are not wrong...I do waffle a bit..but you know, my excuse is that I wanted to give as full a picture as possible to show what I did and why...just incase someone wanted to shoot me down in flames...but more importantly, so that someone else in a similar situation can see what to do - and where to get advice too.

Little 'teddy' (as I call him - foxy was too 'bingo' ;o) is case 431, if anyone wanted to ring the London Wildlife Trust (number posted a couple of times previous). It says on the site that I can only ring in twice for updates ( am sure they wouldn't hold me to this..probably a way of dissuading daily calls), I shall ring next week once he has had his xrays....and again further down the line. He should be ready for release sometime in August. So working back in months..that makes him currently only a few weeks old.

Does anyone know if there is a facility of adding your own photos - or posting them somewhere..have a couple of real cuties..where you can see how young he is..all snug in a yellow blanket and would like to share it.

Jim - paragraphs! :O) xxxx
Digg this Post!Add Post to del.icio.usBookmark Post in TechnoratiFurl this Post!
Reply With Quote
Reply  

Bookmarks

Thread Tools
Display Modes

Posting Rules
You may not post new threads
You may not post replies
You may not post attachments
You may not edit your posts

BB code is On
Smilies are On
[IMG] code is On
HTML code is Off
Trackbacks are On
Pingbacks are On
Refbacks are On


Similar Threads

Thread Thread Starter Forum Replies Last Post
Baby bug ID Lord V Insects and Invertebrates 0 01-07-2009 07:07 AM
Baby Fox Cub Sugarpuff Mammal Forums 4 27-04-2009 08:20 AM
Baby Jay all alone hobble British Birds 12 21-08-2008 09:13 PM
Not baby Fish but a baby Newt littlemoo Reptile and Amphibian Forums 4 21-05-2008 11:13 AM
pros vs amateurs - the intangible difference? andyc123 Photography Critique and Advice 36 14-04-2008 08:14 PM

» Log in

User Name:

Password:

Not a member yet?
Register Now!

» New Wildlife Posts

Go to first new post Is this a Grisette ??
Last post by Chris Yeates
Today 01:39 AM
5 Replies, 94 Views
Go to first new post Unidentified fungi -...
Last post by Chris Yeates
Today 01:31 AM
10 Replies, 206 Views
Go to first new post A spider I find regularly
Last post by MattPrince
Today 12:21 AM
1 Replies, 63 Views
Go to first new post Badger nightcam results
Last post by SomeMight
Today 12:19 AM
3 Replies, 91 Views
Go to first new post My only Birdie while...
Last post by Jackaroo
Yesterday 11:42 PM
7 Replies, 185 Views
Go to first new post Singles and Doubles
Last post by Dorts
Yesterday 11:19 PM
4 Replies, 89 Views
Go to first new post Newts
Last post by scouse62
Yesterday 11:03 PM
12 Replies, 1,449 Views
Go to first new post Mothing 2012!
Last post by reefbirder
Yesterday 11:02 PM
31 Replies, 692 Views

» New Environment Posts

Go to first new post Is Man the climax...
Last post by waxcap
Today 12:02 AM
95 Replies, 1,855 Views
Go to first new post Bang Goes The Theory
Last post by Brocakat
Yesterday 02:26 PM
48 Replies, 1,745 Views
Go to first new post WIND POWER. Is it time...
Last post by Dorts
15-02-2012 09:41 PM
141 Replies, 4,968 Views
Go to first new post MP rants against 'career...
Last post by eeyore
15-02-2012 09:10 PM
10 Replies, 266 Views

» New Activity Posts

Go to first new post what camera package to...
Last post by warren30
Today 06:13 AM
16 Replies, 194 Views
Go to first new post Osprey Hide in the making
Last post by Jim Ford
Yesterday 11:07 PM
53 Replies, 1,387 Views
Go to first new post Weed killer
Last post by stevet95
Yesterday 11:06 PM
0 Replies, 36 Views
Go to first new post LaCie Electron 19 Blue...
Last post by DavyG
Yesterday 10:17 PM
0 Replies, 39 Views

» New Community Posts

Go to first new post Adverts on WAB
Last post by DorsetDunk
Yesterday 11:46 PM
93 Replies, 1,391 Views
Go to first new post Please support Vale...
Last post by Hedgehoggy
Yesterday 10:30 PM
17 Replies, 311 Views
Go to first new post Bees.butterflies and...
Last post by artdemole
Yesterday 03:33 PM
7 Replies, 237 Views
Go to first new post Putting permanent links...
Last post by ChrisJB
Yesterday 01:43 PM
2 Replies, 69 Views

All times are GMT. The time now is 06:17 AM.


Copyright Wild About Britain 2009

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075